Association between HPV infection and penile cancer and penile intraepithelial neoplasia: A retrospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Penile cancer is rising in most European countries. Several risk factors have been identified, namely human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. However, the exact role of HPV in penile cancer carcinogenesis is still unknown. Clarifying the contribution of HPV in penile cancer is crucial as it may improve prevention and treatment strategies. OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics of patients with penile cancer and penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN), evaluate the prevalence of HPV-DNA in tumour tissue and identify differences between patients with and without HPV-DNA. METHODS: A retrospective observational study including patients with histological diagnosis of penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or PeIN between 2012 and 2021 in a university hospital was carried out. HPV analysis was performed using Anyplex™ II HPV28 Detection that detects and identifies 28 HPV types. (sensitivity of 95.9%). RESULTS: A total of 25 patients were included. Most of the tumours identified were invasive SCC (n = 11) and SCC in situ (PeIN 3) (n = 8). PeIN1/2 was found in the remaining six patients. HPV-DNA was tested in all tissue specimens and was detected in 18 of them. High risk HPV DNA was identified in all positive HPV samples, except one. HPV types included in the nonavalent HPV vaccine were identified in 16 of the 18 samples positive for HPV-DNA. Stratifying patients according to HPV-DNA detection, we found that patients with HPV-DNA were younger (57.5 years vs. 70 years, p = 0.047), less likely to have phimosis (5.8% vs. 42.9%, p = 0.022) and more likely to have PeIN lesions than invasive SCC (85.7% vs. 27.8%, p = 0.025). CONCLUSION: This study shows a prevalence of HPV-DNA in penile SCC and premalignant lesions of 45.5% and 92.9%, respectively. Identifying HPV involvement in SCC and PeIN pathology has the potential to guide treatment and enhance follow-up strategies.

HPV-related diseases in male patients: an underestimated conundrum.

PURPOSE: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted disease, in males and females worldwide. While the role of HPV in female diseases is well known and largely studied, males have negligibly been included in these programs, also because the proportion of women suffering and dying from HPV-related diseases is much larger than men. The aim of this review is to focus on HPV-related diseases in male patients. METHODS: We performed a literature analysis on the electronic database PubMed. We considered randomized trials, observational and retrospective studies, original articles having as topic the relationship between HPV male infection and the following items: oral, anal penile cancers, warts, condylomas, male infertility, altered sperm parameters, anti-sperm antibodies (ASA). We also included experimental in vitro studies focused on the effects of HPV infection on oocyte fertilization, blastocyst development, and trophoblastic cell invasiveness. In addition, studies describing the adjuvant administration of the HPV vaccination as a possible strategy to promote HPV clearance from semen in infected males were included. RESULTS: Regarding head and neck HPV-related diseases, the most important non-neoplastic disease is recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). Regarding neoplastic diseases, the proportion of head and neck cancers attributable to HPV has increased dramatically worldwide. In addition, nowadays, it is thought that half of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) cases in the United States are caused by infection with high-risk HPV. HPV is noteworthy in andrological practice too. It was described as having a high HPV prevalence, ranging between 50 and 70%, in male penile shaft, glans penis/coronal sulcus, semen as well as in scrotal, perianal, and anal regions. Moreover, in male patients, HPV infection has been associated, among other diseases, with penile cancers. HPV semen infection has been reported in about 10% in men from the general population and about 16% in men with unexplained infertility, although these data seem widely underestimated according to clinical experience. In particular, HPV semen infection seems to be most related to asthenozoospermia and to anti-sperm antibodies (ASAs). CONCLUSIONS: HPV infection represents a health problem with a detrimental social and public impact. Despite this evidence, little has been done to date to widely promote vaccination among young males.

Dyspnea Secondary to Mediastinal Mass: A Rare Presentation of Metastatic Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Penile squamous cell carcinoma is a rare diagnosis in the United States; however, the incidence is significantly higher in developing countries. This cancer is categorized into human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated and independent disease. In this article, we present a rare case of HPV-independent penile squamous cell carcinoma. Our patient was a 75-year-old Caucasian male who initially presented with a penile ulcer which was managed with partial penectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy. The patient was monitored on surveillance and did not pursue lymph node dissection. He was noted to have recurrence with metastatic disease 5 years after his initial presentation. Due to the aggressive nature of his disease, the patient was admitted to the hospital and treated with chemotherapy and immunotherapy.

2022 European guideline for the management of balanoposthitis.

BACKGROUND: This guideline is an update to the 2014 edition of the European guideline for the management of balanoposthitis. Balanoposthitis describes inflammation of the glans penis and prepuce and is caused by a range of disparate conditions including infection, dermatoses and premalignancy. OBJECTIVE: The main objectives of this guideline are to aid recognition of the symptoms and signs and complications of penile skin conditions and to offer recommendations on the diagnostic tests and treatment for a selected group of these conditions. METHODS: The previous guideline was updated following a literature review and priority was given to randomized controlled trial and systematic review evidence. RESULTS: The updated guideline includes amended management for infective balanitis to provide clear guidance for Group A streptococcal infections, management of on going Lichen sclerosus (to include circumcision and supportive management to reduce the recurrence of genital herpes and warts), additional regimens for Zoonoid change, use of calcineurin inhibitors in management and risk of premalignancy and change of nomenclaturefrom Premalignant conditions to Penile Intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN). CONCLUSION: Balanoposthitis has a widerange of causes high quality evidence specific to the management of penile disease is not available for all the conditions described.

Priapism Produced by Penile Metastasis from Colon Cancer

Introduction and Objective: The penile metastasis is a rare clinical entity. The objective is to present the first documented case report of penile metastasis from right colon. Clinical Case: A case of a 78-year-old man who was diagnosed with penile metastasis from right colon. The patient came to our consultation complaining of colic pain in the kidney and swelling of the penile which finally result in a malignant priapism. The diagnosis was histopathologic and was treated with chemotherapy and died few months later. Conclusion: Metastatic lesions in the penile are extremely rare; only 300 cases have been reported in the literature. It is a sign of bad prognosis. The mechanism of metastatic spread to the penis is not well established. Even there are several treatment options, is usually paliative (AU)

Introducción y Objetivo: La metástasis penena esuna entidad muy infrecuente. El objetivo es la presentacióndel primer caso documentado en la literatura de metástasispenana con origen en el colon derecho.Caso Clínico: Presentamos a un varón diagnosticadode priapismo producido por una metástasis peneana cuyotumor primitivo tiene lugar en el colon derecho. El pacienteacudió por dolor en fosa renal y éstasis venoso en el peneque finalmente le provocó un priapismo por afectación tumoral. El diagnóstico fue anatomopatológico, siendo el paciente tratado con quimioterapia.Conclusión: La presencia de metástasis en el penees una presentación clínica infrecuente y un signo de malpronóstico. El mecanismo fisiopatológico no está determinado. El tratamiento, aunque variado, es generalmente paliativo (AU)

[A Case of Laparoscopic Ileus Release for Intestinal Obstruction Due to Small Intestinal Metastasis Four Years after Penile Cancer Surgery].

We report a rare case of metastatic small intestine cancer originating from penile cancer triggered by intestinal obstruction, with some review of the literature. The case was a 78-year-old man at the first visit. Partial penile resection was performed for penile cancer. Histopathological findings were squamous cell carcinoma, and the surgical margin was negative. The stage at the time of the first surgery was T2N0M0, Stage Ⅱ. He came to the hospital with a complaint of abdominal pain 4 years after the operation. He was diagnosed with intestinal obstruction and was treated medically. He underwent medical treatment for 12 days, but did not improve, so he underwent laparoscopic ileus release. Surgical findings showed a neoplastic lesion in the abdominal cavity, and the site was obstructed, and partial resection of the small intestine including the neoplastic lesion was performed. Pathological examination revealed small intestinal metastasis of penile cancer. Postoperative intestinal obstruction improved and he was discharged without complications. After discharge, he underwent systemic chemotherapy at an outpatient clinic, but died of the primary disease 181 days after intestinal obstruction.

Evaluating the Strength of Association of Human Papillomavirus Infection With Penile Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection that is strongly associated with cervical cancer. A link to penile cancers has been suggested by case series. We sought to assess the strength of the association between HPV infection and penile cancer by meta-analysis. METHODS: A literature search to identify population-based studies evaluating the risk of HPV infection with penile cancer was conducted via PubMed and Google Scholar databases through December 2020. Studies were included in the pooled analyses if they presented relative risk (RR) estimates comparing penile cancer cases with noncases by HPV exposure status. They were stratified by (1) type of HPV, (2) test used to determine past HPV infection, and (3) the penile cancer type. Pooled analyses were conducted for stratum with at least 2 independent studies using fixed-effects and random-effects models. RESULTS: Fourteen articles representing 9 study populations fit the inclusion criteria and were included in the pooled analysis. Based on these studies, the pooled RRs are 2.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7-5.0; n = 4 studies) for invasive penile cancer and seropositivity to HPV16 L1, 4.5 (95% CI, 1.3-15.5; n = 2) for seropositivity to HPV18, and 8.7 for anogenital warts (95% CI, 5.1-14.8; n = 5). For the 3 studies reporting invasive and in situ penile cancer, the risk was 7.6 for anogenital warts. CONCLUSIONS: The pooled RRs indicate up to a 4.5-fold increased risk between seropositivity for HPV infection and invasive penile cancer. This is much lower than associations seen between HPV and cervical cancer.

A Case of Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma Associated with HPV58 Infection.

We report the case of a 55-year-old man with penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). We found a mass in the patient's penis, which gradually increased in size. We performed a partial penectomy to remove the mass. Histopathology revealed a highly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction. HPV was found to be present in the squamous cell carcinoma, and sequencing analysis showed that it was type 58.

Pediatric Penile Non-Involuting Congenital Hemangioma With an Associated Pyogenic Granuloma: Surgical Management of a Rare Vascular Anomaly.

Vascular anomalies include both tumors and malformations. Infantile hemangiomas are the most common benign vascular tumor of infancy that proliferate after birth and eventually involute. By contrast, congenital hemangiomas are formed at birth and are categorized into three groups: rapidly involuting, partially-involuting, and non-involuting congenital hemangiomas (NICH). NICH do not regress and grow with age. Pyogenic granulomas, another acquired vascular tumor, develop over vascular lesions and cause bleeding. Primary treatment options for NICH and pyogenic granulomas are surgical resection. Here, we report a case of a NICH with a co-existing pyogenic granuloma involving the penile shaft and scrotum treated surgically.

Malignant Priapism - What Do We Know About It?

Malignancy as an etiological factor involved in priapism pathogenesis is rare. Malignant priapism (MP) can arise as a result of penile tumor invasion, either from primary penile tumors or from metastatic penile tumors, or due to hematological malignancies. Non-urological penile metastases are associated with significant worse prognosis compared to urological penile metastases, the appearance of priapism in such cases affecting even more the prognosis and the survival of these patients. Patients diagnosed with hematological malignancies and priapism present significant higher survival rates compared to those who develop MP in the context of a non-hematological malignancy, this being related to the fact that hematological malignancies are more sensitive to chemo- and radiotherapy. Most malignant priapism cases are ischemic; therefore the management should be based on the initial steps of the IP therapeutic protocol. Considering the trigger factor that has led to the priapic event specific oncologic treatment can be added as well.

DaPeCa5 - obesity at the time of diagnosis does not predict poor cancer-specific survival in patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma - a Danish National study.

BACKGROUND: Conflicting data on the prognostic significance of obesity in penile cancer have been presented in recent years. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate obesity as a prognostic factor in patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma (pSCC) in a large national Danish cohort. Furthermore we aimed to compare the BMI of pSCC patients to a large age-matched cohort of healthy men. METHODS: We evaluated 429 patients with invasive pSCC from a national retrospective penile cancer cohort and defined a body mass index (BMI) at 30 kg/m2 as obese. Furthermore, we considered if a fitted model for BMI and mortality could define a critical BMI tipping point for increasing mortality by the means of BMI categories of 1 kg/m2 width. We compared 29 pSCC patients with reported unintended weight loss at diagnosis to 400 with no reported weight loss. Cox regression with 95% confidence intervals was used for penile cancer-specific survival analysis. The comparison between 325 age-matched pSCC patients and 11,238 healthy men from an existing contemporary health database was done by nonparametric tests. RESULTS: There was no difference in cancer specific survival between patients with a BMI below and above 30 kg/m2, cox hazard ratio (HR) 0.74 (0.47-1.18), p = .20, but 37 kg/m2 was a tipping point for increasing mortality, HR = 2.10 (1.06-4.18), p = .035. Unintentional weight loss prior to diagnosis significantly predicted worse cancer specific outcome, cox hazard ratio 6.0 (3.5-10.0), p < 001 and cox hazard ratio adjusted for American Joint Committee of Cancer (AJCC)-stage at 1.8 (1.1-3.1), p = .03. Age-matched pSCC patients had a significantly higher BMI than healthy males, 28.4 ± 5.5 kg/m2 vs. 26.2 ± 3.6 kg/m2, p < .0001 and were more likely to smoke, p < .0001, and report alcohol intakes over 14 units/week, p < .0001. CONCLUSION: In this Danish cohort, BMI above 30 kg/m2 at diagnosis does not affect prognosis, but BMI at and above 37 kg/m2 at diagnosis predicts poor prognosis. Unintentional weight loss is a predictor of high stage and poor prognosis. PSCC patients have a significantly higher BMI than age-matched healthy males.

Nomogram prediction of overall survival based on log odds of positive lymph nodes for patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to establish a nomogram to predict the long-term overall survival (OS) for patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC). METHOD: The PSCC patients receiving regional lymph node dissection (RLND) were enrolled from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database between 2004 and 2015. The dataset of all eligible patients were used to develop the predictive model. The significant independent predictors were identified through Cox regression modeling based on the Bayesian information criterion and then incorporated into a nomogram to predicted 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS. Internal validation was performed using the bootstrap resampling method. The model performance was evaluated using Harrell's concordance index (C-index), calibration plots, integrated discrimination improvement (IDI), net reclassification improvement (NRI), and decision curve analysis (DCA). RESULTS: Totally, 384 eligible PSCC patients were enrolled from the SEER database. A nomogram for OS prediction was developed, in which three clinical variables significantly associated with OS were integrated, including age, N classification, and log odds of positive lymph nodes (LODDS). The C-index of the nomogram (0.746, 95% CI: 0.702-0.790) was significantly higher than that of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system (0.692, 95% CI: 0.646-0.738, P = .020). The bootstrap optimism-corrected C-index for the nomogram was 0.739 (95% CI: 0.690-0.784). The bias-corrected calibration plots showed the predicted risks were in good accordance with the actual risks. The results of NRI, IDI, and DCA exhibited superior predictive capability and higher clinical use of the nomogram compared with the AJCC staging system. CONCLUSION: We successfully constructed a simple and reliable nomogram for OS prediction among PSCC patients receiving RLND, which would be beneficial to clinical trial design, patient counseling, and therapeutic modality selection.

A nomogram incorporating PD-L1, NLR, and clinicopathologic features to predict inguinal lymph node metastasis in penile squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Accurate preoperative prediction of inguinal lymph node metastasis (LNM) aids in clinical decision making, especially for patients with penile cancer with clinically negative lymph nodes. We aim to develop a nomogram to predict the preoperative risk of LNM by incorporating clinicopathologic features and tumor biomarkers. METHODS: Eighty-four patients with penile cancer with clinically negative lymph nodes were enrolled. The programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression profile was detected by immunohistochemistry. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was calculated based on parameters of a routine blood examination. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was utilized to construct predictive nomograms for LNM based on data of 64 patients. The nomogram performance was assessed for calibration, discrimination, and clinical use. RESULTS: Tumor grade, lymphovascular invasion, PD-L1, and NLR were independent predictors of LNM. Then, 4 prediction models were constructed. Clinical model included tumor grade and lymphovascular invasion. NLR model was built by adding the NLR to clinical model. PD-L1 model was built by adding the PD-L1 to clinical model. Finally, a combined model was built by adding both PD-L1 and NLR to clinical model. Combined model showed the best performance compared with other models. It showed good discrimination with a C-index of 0.89, and good calibration. In addition, decision curve analysis suggested that model 4 was clinically useful. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a nomogram that incorporated tumor grade, lymphovascular invasion, PD-L1, and NLR that could be conveniently used to predict the preoperative individualized risk of inguinal LNM in patients with penile cancer.

Urethral stricture and scrotal abscess: a rare case presentation of penile cancer and review of the literature.

Penile cancer is a very rare malignancy and it is usually identified as a nodule or an ulceration. We report a case of locally advanced penile cancer presented as a urethral stricture and recurrent scrotal abscess. The patient had been treating for obstructive voiding symptoms and septic condition for 5 months. Because of persistent symptoms, a drainage of the abscess was performed and the histopathological examination showed infiltrating moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of penis. He underwent a surgical Emasculation followed by the administration of a combination of chemotherapy (paclitaxel, ifosfamide, and cisplatin). We highlight the importance of including penile cancer in the differential diagnosis of scrotal abscess and urethral stricture. A multimodal approach is an effective strategy to manage the disease.

Use of Femostop device in the setting of life threatening inguinal bleeding.

Massive hemorrhage from the inguinal space is an indication for the use of the Femostop device in the emergency department. This case report describes a middle-aged male with metastatic and recurrent penile cancer status post inguinal lymph node dissection and chemoradiation with a nonhealing left groin wound with extension to the femoral vessels. The patient experienced massive bleeding from erosion of an open wound in left groin into femoral vein requiring massive transfusion. Direct pressure and pressure dressings were unable to control the bleeding present in the patient's left groin. The Femostop device was applied and hemostasis was immediately achieved.

Perspectivas do homem submetido à penectomia / Perspectives of man submitted to penectomy / Perspectivas del hombre sometido a la penectomía

Objetivo: o presente artigo objetiva descrever as perspectivas do paciente submetido à penectomia e conhecer as perspectivas deste paciente após a penectomia. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo de caso realizado em um hospital federal na cidade do Rio de Janeiro com dois pacientes que estiveram internados no ano de 2017 e foram submetidos a penectomia. A coleta de dados foi realizada no ano de 2018 através de uma entrevista semiestruturada. Os participantes foram amparados pelos princípios éticos estabelecidos pela resolução 466/ 2012 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde, sendo que este estudo foi aprovado sob o número 2.769.381. Resultados: constatou-se que a penectomia nestes estudos de caso era a única terapêutica. Com isso, o desejo de estar com a família e prolongar a vida foram determinantes na adesão ao tratamento. Conclusão: concluiu-se que mesmo com as mudanças no corpo, a penectomia foi realizada na perspectiva de prolongar a vida

Objective: this article aims to describe the perspectives of patient submitted submitted to penectomy and to know the perspectives of this patient after the penectomy. Methods: its a case study realized in a federal hospital of Rio de Janeiro city with two patients who were admitted to the hospital during 2017 and underwent to penectomy surgery. The data collection was realized during 2018 with a semi-structured interview. The participants were protected by the ethics principles established by the resolution 466/ 2012 of the National Health Council and this study was approved under the number 2.769.381. Results: it was found that penectomy in this case studies was the only therapy. Thereby, the desire of being among their family and to extend their life was determinants to adhere the therapy. Conclusion: it was concluded that even with the changes in their body, the penectomy was realized to extend the life

Objetivo: el presente artículo objetiva describir las perspectivas del paciente sometido a la penectomía y conocer las perspectivas de este paciente después de la penectomía. Métodos: se trata de un estudio de caso realizado en un hospital federal en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro con dos pacientes que estuvieron internados en el año 2017 y fueron sometidos a penectomía. La recolección de datos se realizó en el año 2018 através de una entrevista semiestructurada. Los participantes fueron amparados por los principios éticos establecidos por la resolución 466/2012 del Consejo Nacional de Salud, siendo que este estudio fue aprobado bajo el número 2.769.381. Resultados: se constató que la penectomía en estos estudios de caso era la única terapéutica. Con ello, el deseo de estar con la familia y prolongar la vida fueron determinantes en la adhesión al tratamiento. Conclusión: se concluyó que incluso con los cambios en el cuerpo, la penectomía se realizó en la perspectiva de prolongar la vida

The Prevalence of Penile Cancer in Patients With Adult Acquired Buried Penis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of penile cancer in patients with adult acquired buried penis (AABP). Penile cancer is a rare but aggressive cancer. Several case reports have recently been published that indicate that AABP may increase the risk of penile cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of adults diagnosed with AABP and penile cancer between January, 2008 and December, 2018 seen at a tertiary referral center. Demographics including age, BMI, comorbidities, etiology of AABP, smoking history, circumcision status, and premalignant lesions (condyloma, lichen sclerosus [LS] carcinoma in situ [CIS]) were recorded. For patients with penile cancer, AJCC staging, grade, TNM staging and treatments were recorded. Basic descriptive statistics were performed for the overall cohort. We used Chi-square tests and Fisher exact tests to compare differences between patients with benign pathology and patients with malignant or pre-malignant pathology. RESULTS: We identified 150 patients with the diagnosis of AABP. The prevalence of penile squamous cell carcinoma was 7%. There was a 35% rate of premalignant lesions. This study is limited by its retrospective and single-institution nature. CONCLUSION: AABP is a condition that incorporates multiple risk factors for penile cancer. The prevalence of penile cancer appears to be higher in patients with AABP; however, more data are needed to confirm these initial findings. Patients with AABP should be counseled on these risks and should be considered for buried penis repair if a physical examination cannot be performed.